Your Rights When You Can't Pay a Medical Bill

Medical debt and credit reporting

Credit reporting rules and practices can change and may vary by reporting company and state. Check your reports and dispute information you believe is incorrect. The CFPB credit reporting resources explain how to obtain reports and dispute errors.

Debt collection rules

The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act generally applies to debt collectors collecting debts for others and prohibits abusive, unfair, or deceptive practices. Collectors generally must provide validation information. If you dispute a debt in writing within the validation period, additional protections apply. See the CFPB debt collection guide for deadlines and exceptions.

Statute of limitations

A statute of limitations may limit how long a creditor or collector has to sue, but the applicable period depends on state law and circumstances. Do not ignore a lawsuit: a court may enter judgment if you fail to respond and raise an available defense. In some states a payment or acknowledgment can restart the period. See the CFPB guidance and consider legal advice before acting.

Bankruptcy and medical debt

Bankruptcy may discharge qualifying medical debt, but eligibility and outcomes depend on the case. Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 work differently and can have significant consequences. Consult a bankruptcy attorney before pursuing this option.

Negotiating after a bill goes to collections

You can ask about settlement or payment options, but no particular discount is guaranteed. Get any agreement in writing before paying. For older debt, first consider whether payment or acknowledgment could affect the limitation period under your state law.